Is an aftermarket cat (high flow I suppose) better for emissions than the primary cat pictured here?
There shouldn't be much of a difference if it's a good quality cat
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Would a motor sitting around for a year or so kill a cat, is there a way to tell if a cat is still functional?
If you still have the engine out of the car like in the pic, you should be able to see the condition of the catalyst itself, look for any deterioration or if there are any bits rattling around inside
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If I get engineered with the standard dump and cat, would it be explicitly mentioned on an engineers report (ie, could I change afterwards without needed to be re-engineered)?
My engineers report doesn't go into too much detail on this, there is a small section on exhaust and emissions equipment, just saying everything complies (I'm running standard dump + cat also)